New Forest Coastline

The New Forest coastline is situated between the Dorset border and the Southampton Water on the south-west coast of Britain. It is split into three main areas and is managed mainly by the New Forest District Council but also other councils. The three areas are, Christchurch Bay, Western Solent, and Southampton Water. There is a big issue that affects this coastline. The cliffs on the coast are slowly being eroded, and the low-lying areas need to be protected from coastal flooding. Natural landscapes and wildlife habitats need to be protected for people who want to work and visit the areas. This problem attracts a lot of interest from all the councils who try and decide what system and form of protection should be used. Physical Features & Human Land-use The coastline is lined with many landforms and the land surrounding the area is used by humans for various activities. Christchurch Bay between Highcliffe and Hurst Spit has very narrow shingle beaches on its coastline and is backed by cliffs that are up to 30m in height. These cliffs are mainly made of sand and clay and are subject to erosion and in some places the cliffs have retreated up to 60m over 25 years. Even built up areas are exposed to coastal flooding and occasionally experience mudflows and landslips. Hurst Spit itself is vulnerable to the erosion of the sea after having been breached over several years. The area is used mainly for settlement and many villages have been built up along the coast all of which are in danger of flooding and/or collapsing. The Western Solent between Hurst Spit and Calshot is slightly different to Christchurch Bay. This area is full of coastal marshes with a lot of wildlife and animal habitats. This area is low-lying and therefore there is a major risk of flooding, especially when there are high tides and heavy rain. There are also two river estuaries from the Lymington River and the Beaulieu River. This area is used for boat-building and repair but also for recreational sailing. Southampton Water is situated between the towns of Calshot and Redbridge. There are coast marshes and intertidal areas with a great nature and wildlife value. The area is at risk from water pollution caused by domestic sewage and industrial waste. This former river estuary has been now developed and is used for major industry including oil refining and there is also a power station. The rest of the area is used for housing. Why we Need a Coastal Management System There is a big need for a coastal management system. Human activity has influenced the area because the scenery and recreational activities and potential attract many visitors and holiday-makers. Many other people emigrate there because it provides an attractive environment to live, work and retire. The coastline brings in more money for the locals in the form of â€Å"foreigners† and therefore without the coastline many people would have no source of income. However, human activity provides a certain amount of pressure which threatens to change the coastline and its natural ecological balance. Apart from human factors physical factors hat take place also influence the coastline's shape. Waves, Currents, groundwater, movements and weathering have a considerable impact on the shape of the coastline and human activity – this must be to be taken into account when deciding management proposals for the coast. Action taken by the Local Authority The local authority has done a lot of work involving the coastline and now must set up a management scheme to stop many risks. Over various years many protection methods have been used. Concrete sea-walls were built to protect the cliffs; however it has been proven that actually absorb the wave energy instead of reflecting it. They are also an eye-sore. Groynes have also been introduced in the system and they stop the movement of material along beaches as well as widening them. Low-lying areas have been protected by dykes and flood walls, however some people have suggested that coastal flooding should take place as a natural event even if property is at risk. There have also been attempts to protect wildlife areas and bird sanctuaries. Their Objectives The New Forest District Council have many objectives and some are more important than others, including: 1. The coast need to be protected because many properties are lined on the cliff edges and there is a big risk of them collapsing. 2. Areas of value need to be protected as they attract tourists and bring in more money for the locals and the council so they can easily afford to protect the rest of the coastline. 3. The landscape is important as it also brings in more tourists with its natural beauty of which should be protected. 4. Pollution needs to be prevented so any sort of protection doesn't become eroded by acid rain and also to improve the quality of life and the water that goes into the towns. 5. The coasts' economy needs to be recognised so it can be maintained and the social functions of the coast can take place. 6. Cooperation is important between everyone from the local councils to the industry owners. 7. Public awareness needs to be improved to let people know where they stand and what danger they are in. 8. Historical aspects needs to protected because they are an important part of history, this is not very important. 9. Developing criteria for the development of the coast is important for future vents and emergencies. 10. The least important is recreational activities as these can be done in many other places. Alternative Suggestions There are any other ways in which the coastline can be protected. On the coast many things can be used for protection. A recurved sea wall can reflect the waves and push them back out to the sea. Rip-rap are large boulders used on the coast to absorb the wave energy and disperses it. Gabions are used to absorb some of the wave energy and stop erosion as do wooden revetments. To decide what to use we would use cost-benefit analysis which would allow us to make best use of our money.

Compare and Contrast the Ways in Which Shakespeare and Webster Present Hamlet and Bosola as Tragic Heroes. Essay

Bosola from Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi and Hamlet from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, both present elements of Aristotle’s model of the tragic hero; through both of the characters, Shakespeare and Webster use the features of the tragic hero to engage Elizabethan and Jacobean audiences in an exploration of issues linked to the Renaissance, religion and philosophy. This essay will explore how the playwrights present the tragic flaws in their heroes’ character and how they face struggles due to their inner conflict and may exhibit villainous behavior but are not complete tyrants. Greek philosopher Aristotle recorded his ideas about tragedy dramas and the ‘tragic hero’ in his noted book of literary theory titled Poetics (335 BCE), the book was rediscovered during the Renaissance and became commonly used as a playwriting manual. Aristotle stated that the tragic hero is a character of noble stature and has greatness but although they are seen as pre-emin ently great, they are not perfect. The tragic hero’s downfall will come down to being mainly of their own doing through the result of free choice rather than accident or villainy or some other malevolent fate. Aristotle characterised the tragic hero as displaying hamartia which is usually translated as tragic flaw. There is also some increase in awareness and a sense of discovery upon the part of the tragic hero. Hamlet’s biggest flaw in character is that he over philosophises and delays killing Claudius up until it is too late for his family and himself. After he decides Claudius is guilty of murdering his father, he still relents from taking his revenge, he says â€Å"Haste me to know ‘t, that I, with wings as swift/ As meditation or the thought of love/ May sweep to my revenge.† (Act I, scene V). This quote displays Hamlet’s deep desire for revenge, the words are powerful and using words such as ‘swift’ gives the impression that he will not delay in taking action sugge sting that he is ready, however the juxtaposing simile embedded within the quote is soft and suggests Hamlet’s cogitating over thoughts of love possibly his love for Ophelia, ‘meditation’ also implies that he dwells in deep thought. Hamlet procrastinates a lot throughout the play; Smith says that â€Å"due to his brooding and introspective nature, he often wrangles with language to help him understand a reality where he has little control. Hamlet’s famous â€Å"to be or not to be† soliloquy questions the righteousness of life over death in moral terms and discusses the many possible reasons for either living or dying†, this does however  show the audience Hamlet’s humanity, Shakespeare can also use his character to engage with the prevalent philosophical ideas during the Renaissance period; Judkins states that â€Å"the Renaissance embraces a series of religious, economic, and political changes which ripple into areas of science, literature, and philosophy†, at a time of change and new ideas many writers such as Shakespeare would have been interested in the ideas explored during the Renaissance and so create characters to reflect it. One example of Hamlet’s dilemma ref lecting the debates in Elizabethan society, is linked to morality and law; Hamlet finds himself torn between his desire for revenge but also his philosophizing over the futility of life; J. J. Lawlor argues that â€Å"the avenger delays, not from despair or indecision which are finally rejected in favour of the duty of revenge, but†¦ because there is a scruple about revenge itself†. Hence, Hamlet’s scrupling reflects a man trapped in changing times between the Medieval Age when bloody revenge was accepted and the Tudor era of legal reformation where private revenge was outlawed. Bosola also shows internal conflict which could imply that he fits Aristotle’s model of the tragic hero, however it is shown more through his asides rather than soliloquies as shown in Hamlet. Bosola is very bitter towards the system and the way the country is ruled, with those above him abusing their power; but still he continues to carry out his ways, due to his greed ‘poisoning’ his morals, it can be said he is plagued by his own melancholy and will only debate the consequences afterwards. Boas suggests that â€Å"the tragic hero is made to feel him-self caught in a situation over which he has little control but in which he must make some decision, however futile. But the unhappy out-come always emerges from his decision. He must choose and cannot choose we ll†, so although Bosola chooses to avenge the duchess he kills her, her children, Antonio and himself in the process. It could also be said that Bosola fails to redeem himself because his actions are driven by revenge, after he kills the Cardinal and Ferdinand he says, â€Å"Now my revenge is perfect. Sink, thou main cause/ Of my undoing! The last part of my life/ Hath done me best service† (Act V, Scene, V). Like Shakespeare, Webster’s presentation of inner conflict in his protagonist also seems to suggest that the path of private retribution is complex and will lead to destruction. Bosola does also come to terms with his fate; â€Å"existential nihilists claim that, to be honest, one must face the absurdity  of existence, that he/she will eventually die† (Unknown Author). Bosola states that people are merely the â€Å"stars tennis balls† (Act V, Scene IV) that a person’s fate is already mapped out and everything is inevitable so Bosola feels like a victim of circumstance. John F Buckingham states that perhaps there is also an â€Å"etymological significance in Webster’s adjustment of the source name, ‘Bozola’ to a new spelling that references the word ‘Bossola’; Italian for a mariner‘s compass, pointing up the irony that Bosola‘s own final journey is directionless, away from justice†. It could be said that Hamlet also comes to terms with his fate and carries it upon his shoulders like a burden. â€Å"The time is out of joint: O cursed spite, that ever I was born to set it right!† (Act I, Scene V), here it could be said that Hamlet indisputably feels that he was born to avenge his father’s death, thus he vows to dedicate his life to vengeance. In the final scene Hamlet realizes that a person should be ready to accept the undeniable fact that death will come; Hamlet says to Horatio, â€Å"There’s special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, ‘tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come. The readiness is all† (Act V, Scene II). Both Hamlet and Bosola show villainous behaviour, but it can be argued that they aren’t in fact completely evil. Hamlet soon finds himself acting upon passion and is â€Å"at least at crucial moments of his experience, passion’s slave, as in his castigation of Ophelia and, more tragically, in his murder of her father† (Allan). Hamlet is not a bad person yet the pressure and intensity of his vengeance tears away at him; he finds himself acting sometimes rashly and uncertainly, and in the case of Polonius’ murder, he does not initially show any signs of remorse as he looks down on him calling him a â€Å"wretched, rash, intruding fool† (Act III, Scene IV), which suggests he is almost saying it is Polonius’ fault for getting involved and does not take responsibility. Hamlet’s actions are caused by his desire to avenge his father the old king Hamlet who was murdered by his brother Claudius and so it could be argued that had Hamlet not known that Claudius murdered his father, he would not have carried out the murders and would therefore not be villainous, as Hamlet was loved by the people and was known to be a smart scholar who went to university. Shakespeare uses Ophelia to reflect these views when she says, â€Å"O what a noble mind is here o’erthrown† (Act III, Scene I). Hamlet did not intend on  hurting his loved ones in the beginning and should not be seen as ‘evil’ as his aims were to only avenge his father. Allan comments that, â€Å"violence of word and deed do not come naturally to [Hamlet’s] reflective and moral temperament†. On the other hand, critic Augustus Schlegel argues that â€Å"[Hamlet] has a natural inclination for crooked ways; he is a hypocrite towards himself; his far-fetched scruples are often mere pretexts to cover up his want of determination†, this suggests that Hamlet is just as Machiavellian as Claudius but this reading would be too simple, and doe s not consider the impact of Hamlet’s humanity which is evident in his delay and conflicting thoughts. Bosola however is more entangled in Machiavellian scheming, serving the Duchess’ brothers, the Cardinal and Ferdinand, and so it could be said that he is not in fact a villain but instead just a working man. Bosola refers to himself as their â€Å"creature† (Act I, Scene I) with its connotations of unthinking, loyalty and inhumanity, Bosola carries out their deeds for his own material gain seemingly regardless of his morals most likely due to his bitterness and discontent with social structure and other existing conditions. Bosola is a key part of the plot and acts as a spy and a murderer but although it was his choice to have this way of life, in the end he stands for his beliefs. Bosola has already been to prison which implies he is criminal, but during his asides, it is evident that he is not an evil assailant but a man doing a job, â€Å"For the good deed you have done me, I must do all the ill man can invent†. He recognizes the consequences of his actions and feels remorse, for example, when Bosola is ordered to kill the Duchess, he cannot face her as his true self due to his sympathy towards her and so he disguises himself; C. G. Thayer states that â€Å"having caused the Duchess so much agony already, [Bosola] cannot now bear to have her recognize him as he comes to supervise her murder, or, more simply, that he is ashamed to appear in his own shape†. This idea of the counterfeit shape links to Machiavellian ideas but also links to his own sense of morality and feeling towards the Duchess and Antonio and his shame for how he is ruining their family and lives. Bosola cannot be seen to be a villain completely as at the end of play he plans to kill the Cardinal for making him kill all those people and for committing crimes, hoping to help save Antonio, and although he kills Antonio accidently, he did change his ways and tried to help, this is an excellent example of how Bosola resembles the tragic hero  figure. In conclusion it is clear that Hamlet fits the model of the tragic hero and it is evident that Bosola also fits the characteristics of a tragic hero. Smith describes Hamlet as â€Å"the quintessential tragic hero. Not only does he begin with the noblest motivations but by the end, his situation is so dire that the only plausible final act should be his death†. If we consider Bosola as the malcontent of the play, the audience can see he tends to view things cynically, and makes numerous critical comments on the nature of Renaissance society. Bell states that â€Å"Bosola also acts as a choric figure at regular intervals during the play and he often makes judgements on the other characters and the series of events†. However despite these more seemingly malcontent traits, it is evident that he can also be seen as a figure resembling the tragic hero. Hamlet and Bosola both display a tragic flaw in character, both display villainous behavior yet it is clear that they both have a sense of morality, neither character realize the right thing to do until the end of both plays and so fail to attain happiness. Shakespeare and W ebster both use the traits of the tragic hero to engage in and explore topics which were being challenged and revamped by the discoveries of the Renaissance period. Bibliography Allan, Phillip. Hamlet: Phillip Allan Literature Guide for A-Level. Hodder Education: Oxford shire, 2011. Bell, Millicent. Hamlet, Revenge! The Hudson Review, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Summer, 1998), pp. 310-328. Boas, George. The Evolution of the Tragic Hero. The Carleton Drama Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, Greek Tragedy (1955 – 1956), pp. 5-21. Buckingham, John F. The Dangerous Edge of Things: John Webster’s Bosola in Context & Performance, 2011. Judkins, David. Life in Renaissance England [Online] available at: Lawlor, J.J. The Tragic Conflict in Hamlet. The Review of English Studies. R.E.S New Series, Vol 1, No. 2, 1950. Schelegel, Augustus William. Criticisms on Shakespeare’s Tragedies: Hamlet. Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London, 1846. Hamlet. Ed. Cyrus Hoy. Norton and Company: New York, 1992, pp. 155-7. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Hamlet†. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Smith, Nicole. Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a Tragic Hero [Online] av ailable at: Thayer, C. G. The Ambiguity of Bosola. Studies in Philology, Vol. 54, No.2 (Apr., 1957), pp. 162-171. (Unknown Author) Nihilism [Online] available at: Webster, John. â€Å"The Duchess of Malfi†. London: Methuen drama, 2001.

Burj khalifa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Burj khalifa - Research Paper Example Some of the materials used for assembling the building are aluminum, steel, and concrete. It is appealing to recognize that all the aluminum used in the construction can make about five aircrafts. The total length of steel used is equivalent to 293 times Eiffel Tower’s height. Additionally, total amount of concrete used for its construction can construct a concrete pavement of about 2,065 kilometers (The Knowledge 1). The best means of transport that one can use when going to Burj Khalifa is a plane. This trip may take one week because of the travelling process and many places that one has to visit in the building. There are many hotels where one can stay whenever they are not touring. The best hotel around the place is the Armani hotel. The weather around the skyscraper is hot steamy, and this makes the building glass walls to produce water droplets dues to condensation (The Telegraph 1). The water droplets can be collected into the water tank placed at the car park that cools the plants and other landscape features around the building. About 15,000 liters of water that can fill about twenty Olympic-sized pools is usually collected annually due to condensation. During the cold season, there is usually fog and the building rises above the fog. â€Å"The area experience heavy fog during cold seasons because of the areas’ steamy climate â€Å"(The Telegraph 1). Burj Khalifa is one of the major tourist attractions in Dubai. The place is worth visiting because in the modern history, there is no other building that has raised so much curiosity around the world. At the top of this modern architecture, one can experience engineering wonders. One can have a lucid view of the striking world from the top of this building. In the building, there are multimedia presentations that will enable one know many fascinating things the building and about Dubai in general (Burj Khalifa 1). In

Zinc and alcohol metabolism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Zinc and alcohol metabolism - Term Paper Example The ileum absorbs nearly 3-4 grams of zinc per day and thus the recommended allowances, daily range from 5mg in infants to between 16 and 19 mg per day for lactating women. In addition, it is stored and used in two distinct pools: the fixed pool that is usually bound to metalloproteins, which constitutes 80-90% of body zinc. The second is the labile pool which constitutes loosely binding or free zinc, which is available for exchange by organelles and cells. This kind of pool is susceptible to depletion, especially during dietary zinc deficiency. Free zinc may be toxic to enzymes and proteins and thus the labile pool is largely bound to proteins that carry zinc. Moreover, zinc movement across organelle membranes and plasma is regulated tightly by zinc transporters. Zinc has a vast majority of functions and relates to alcohol intake through its biochemical role in metabolism of alcohol. Zinc is important for cell division and growth. It is crucial, especially during pregnancy for the developing fetus because cells are dividing rapidly. Zinc helps in avoiding pre-term delivery and congenital abnormalities. Zinc is useful in activating growth-weight, height and bone development in children, infants and teenagers. Moreover, zinc plays a role in fertility. In females, it can help in the treatment of menstrual problems and alleviation of pre-menstrual syndrome associated symptoms..In males, it offers protection from infection and enlargement of the prostate gland. It also maintains mobility, sperm count and levels of testosterone at normal (Kang et al, 2008). As a component of most enzymes, it participates in synthesis as well as degradation of lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and the metabolism of several other micronutrients. Zinc aids in the stabilization of the molecular structure of membranes and cellular components, and in this way contribute to cell and organ maintenance. In addition, zinc is essential in transcription of the

Group reference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Group reference - Essay Example Social networking is also a very large method for companies to promote their products since people in group-oriented cultures value the wisdom that social networking sites and blogs can provide. It is an effective method of promoting word of mouth since Chapter 11 described this as a very important element of changing or improving buyer behavior. It has influence on 2/3 of all sales and therefore should be recognized as providing excellent marketing and advertising opportunities for many businesses in the UAE. The Internet is widely used in this country and provides a forum for success. When comparing the readings from the two chapters about social stratification and buyer behavior related to reference groups, Carrefour and Lulu hypermarkets have mixed results in terms of self-promotion and the forums where they advertise. Ameinfo.com (2000) identifies that these firms are often reluctant to address different media sources about their business strategies and success. This makes it di fficult to predict the type of strategic focus that these hypermarkets have and how they will change buyer attitudes especially when they are seeking information from knowledge sources of power. The UAE has very group-oriented values and therefore rely on reference groups to help them make product decisions. Unlike other countries such as the United States and the UK that actively use media press releases to promote their products and business strategies, these hypermarkets are not taking advantage of the word of mouth potential that such media sources provide. Therefore, in the UAE, in relation to the hypermarket concept stores, certain social classes must rely on their own experiences to decide whether to continue to patronize the stores. This is a limitation for the hypermarkets in many ways for not taking advantage of the advantages of media sources. At the same time, the social class status of buyers is mixed in the UAE and makes it difficult to target them. There are four dist inct social classes of buyers in the UAE: Those with immense wealth and political power, the business class, the middle class with moderate income levels, and lower-income households who work in service industries (Omair, 2010, p.123). With such a mixed variety of consumers, it would be necessary to understand whether social mobility is occurring through infrastructure development or jobs creation to determine whether buying attitudes and behaviors would change over the long-term. This again makes it difficult for the hypermarkets to promote their products effectively and develop a long-term strategy for marketing success. The UAE is also experiencing a recession much like the rest of the globe and global commodity prices are increasing. To combat this, the UAE is fixing the prices at the political level for different food products and other household products as a short-term strategy to prevent inflation (a1saudiarabia.com, 2011). This is going to impact the buying behavior of many different social classes at a time when value and pricing are considerable motivators for buying behavior. These efforts are being done in an environment that will directly impact the hypermarket stores of Carrefour and Lulu since this is the bulk of their total product variety. Pricing will definitely

Overview of the Television Show Glee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Overview of the Television Show Glee - Essay Example The essay "Overview of the Television Show Glee" talks about a very popular television show ‘Glee’ that has been broadcast all over the world in the recent past; it speaks of a high school atmosphere with children belonging to different backgrounds, coming together to spread love through the gift of music. The children that belong to the Glee Club are not even accepted by the other students going to the school because they may not be as ‘popular’ or pretty as the others in order to be a part of the so-called ‘cool’ social scenes. This is a vast issue that has been affecting children not only across America but on a global basis, merely because peer pressure and social acceptance is something that children coming from different backgrounds and having different opinions have been facing for a long time. The main goal of this show has been spreading social justice among young adults and helping them understand that it is alright to accept different people into their groups. The show has also been able to do an excellent job by cultivating and displaying how its children and students are not able to love themselves and be truthful with themselves about how to deal with life. The first season is based on the social issue of teenage pregnancy and helps to portray how women are thought of when they are going through such problems. Quinn underwent a major amount of hardships when she was pregnant because at first, her fellow students did not support her decision of going ahead with having the baby.

Access to Insurance versus Access to Care Research Paper

Access to Insurance versus Access to Care - Research Paper Example Insurance and access to healthcare serve a basis of intensive debate that is tailored towards addressing pertinent issues in healthcare. Access to insurance and access to care are two different concepts. Health insurance is risk mitigation measure where an individual transfers health risks to another party, and makes premium payments to that party in return. In other words, insurance premiums guarantee healthcare coverage by the insurer. The ability to pay for insurance covers measures access to insurance. When premiums are high, then the number of people that can afford the insurance cover is low, and vice versa. The affordability of insurance measures the relative accessibility. On the other hand, access to care refers to the ease of receiving care by a patient when in need. Access to health encompasses primary care, healthcare specialists, and emergency treatment (Berenson & Rich, 2010). Access to care measures the ease or difficulties associated with getting services across the three variables. In this regard, holding an insurance cover does not necessarily guarantee access to care. For instance, Medicare program caters for the elderly and disables populations in the United States (Getzen, 2010). However, the program is divided into various parts, each of which outlines the extent of healthcare variables provided for by that part. Each part provides healthcare insurance, but limits care services accessed under that part. The federal health care reform legislation of 2010 seeks to promote universal coverage and regulate health insurance policies offered by insurance companies (The Joint Commission, 2012). The legislation also seeks to enhance the extent of health complications covered, as well as push for affordable insurance premiums. Low income earners remain uncovered by insurance, a scenario that has negatively affected the health sector in the United States. The ultimate interest of the legislation is to promote insurance